Platinum Plus—the Science

Bacteria on raw poultry meat in the Netherlands may be a source of superbugs in people, according to a study that suggests the use of antibiotics in food animals is causing life-saving drugs to lose their potency.

“There is an increasing abundance of evidence showing superbugs such as ESBL E. coli are in the foods we eat and people get serious infections with them,” said Peter Collignon, head of infectious diseases at Australia’s Canberra Hospital, who serves on a World Health Organization panel studying antibiotic resistance in the food chain. “It’s time we banned the use of antibiotics in food animals that cause superbugs to develop and spread.”

Link to Source:
Bloomberg
Bacteria From Dutch Poultry Linked to Superbugs in People, Scientists Find

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Protein has both positive and negative effects on calcium balance, and the net effect of dietary protein on bone mass and fracture risk may be dependent on the dietary calcium intake. In addition to providing substrate for bone matrix, dietary protein stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a factor that promotes osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Protein also increases urinary calcium losses, by several proposed mechanisms. Increasing calcium intake may offset the negative impact of dietary protein on urinary calcium losses, allowing the favorable effect of protein on the IGF-1 axis to dominate. Several, although not all, studies are either compatible with or support this hypothesis. Protein supplements significantly reduced bone loss in elderly hip-fracture patients in a study in which both the protein and control groups received supplemental calcium. In an observational study, total protein intake was positively associated with favorable 3-y changes in femoral neck and total body bone mineral density in volunteers who received supplemental calcium citrate malate and vitamin D, but not in volunteers taking placebos. In conclusion, an adequate calcium intake may help promote a favorable effect of dietary protein on the skeleton in older individuals.

Link to Source:
The American Society for Nutritional Sciences.
Interaction of Dietary Calcium and Protein in Bone Health in Humans

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In this article, we review the evidence that dietary protein has a positive influence on bone health, reduces hip fracture risk, and promotes postfracture recovery, and we consider the molecular, cellular, and endocrine bases of the interactions that link protein and calcium metabolism, including effects via IGF-1 and PTH. In addition, we consider the roles of amino acid–sensing mechanisms in coupling dietary protein intake to metabolic change as well as the central role of calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs) in the control of calcium metabolism. Finally, we consider how recently identified broad-spectrum amino acid–sensing receptors from class 3 of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily including, remarkably, the CaR itself may contribute to the impact of dietary protein on bone.

Link to Source:
Annual Reviews, a Nonprofit Scientific Publisher
Dietary Protein and Bone Health: Roles of Amino Acid–Sensing Receptors in the Control of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Homeostasis

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There is currently no consensus on the effect of dietary protein intake on the skeleton, but there is some indication that low calcium intakes adversely influence the effect of dietary protein on fracture risk.
Increasing protein intake may have a favorable effect on change in BMD in elderly subjects supplemented with calcium citrate malate and vitamin D.

Link to Source:
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Calcium intake influences the association of protein intake with rates of bone loss in elderly men and women…

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Mineral content was determined in several brown (Fucus vesiculosus, Laminaria digitata, Undaria pinnatifida) and red (Chondrus crispus, Porphyra tenera) edible marine sea vegetables. Seaweeds contained high proportions of ash (21.1–39.3%) and sulphate (1.3–5.9%). In brown algae, ash content (30.1–39.3%) was higher than in red algae (20.6–21.1%). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of the ashes indicated that marine seaweeds contained higher amounts of both macrominerals (8.083–17,875 mg/100g; Na, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (5.1–15.2 mg/100 g; Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), than those reported for edible land plants. Edible brown and red seaweeds could be used as a food supplement to help meet the recommended daily intake of some essential minerals and trace elements.

Link to Source:
Science Direct
Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds

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The role of amino acids as substrates for protein synthesis is well documented. However, a function for amino acids in modulating the signal transduction pathways that regulate mRNA translation has only recently been described. Interesting, some of the signaling pathways regulated by amino acids overlap with those classically associated with the cellular response to hormones such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors. The focus of this review is on the signaling pathways regulated by amino acids, with a particular emphasis on the branched-chain amino acid leucine, and the steps in mRNA translation controlled by the signaling pathways.

Link to Source:
Nutrition & Metabolism
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA

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Celiac disease has been associated with autoimmune disease (eg, autoimmune thyroiditis) and the appearance of different autoantibodies (eg, antidouble-stranded DNA). Conversely, tissue transglutaminase antibodies have been detected in autoimmune disorders,including systemic lupus erythematosus i(SLE), but cases of celiac disease with SLE have been only rarely recorded. METHODS: In this study, 246 patients with biopsy-defined celiac disease were evaluated for a prior diagnosis of SLE on the basis of American Rheumatological Association-defined clinical and serologic parameters. RESULTS: There were 6 patients with celiac disease and SLE, or 2.4%, including 4 females and 2 males. Their mean age at diagnosis of celiac disease was 44.7 years and SLE 50 years. In all patients, the diagnosis of SLE was established from 2 years to more than 10 years after the diagnosis of celiac disease, with a mean of 5.3 years. The celiac disease in all 6 patients responded to a gluten-free diet with histologic normalization of the small intestinal biopsies. Despite this small bowel biopsy response, SLE appeared later in the clinical course of the celiac disease. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that SLE occurs far more frequently in biopsy-defined celiac disease than is currently appreciated, and detection may be more likely if the period of clinical follow-up of the celiac disease is prolonged.

While celiac was found to be the cause of earlier FM programs failures the Two-Edged Sword Diet Plus the protocol of raising the number of Platinum Plus; the addition of bile salts; the use of Sea-AloeGold plus the standard FM has been so for: 100% successful in removing both the celiac and the lupus (SLE) readings. Celiac/SLE 4. Celiac 40 (estimated).

Link to Source:
National Center for Biotechnology Information
National Center for Biotechnology Information

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Salmonella is an important cause of food-borne illnesses in humans. Farm animals and food of animal origin form an important source of human Salmonella infections. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of human salmonellosis in the European Union, the Community legislation foresees setting of Salmonella reduction targets for food-animal populations including turkey flocks. To underpin such a target, a European Union-wide baseline survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in commercial turkey holdings with at least 250 birds for breeding turkeys and with at least 500 birds for fattening turkeys. The survey was the third of several baseline surveys to be conducted in the Community.

Link to Source:
European Food Safety Authority
efsa link
 
View Summary .pdf (28.1kb)

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Swedish researchers now find drug-resistant bacteria have infiltrated one of the last outposts of wilderness, the Arctic, hitching a ride way up north on birds.

Link to Source:
Fox News
Drug-Resistant Bacteria Found in Arctic

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…iodine malabsorption appears to be a long-term consequence of protein and calorie deficiency, and also might be regarded as a contributory factor for endemic goiter epidemiology…

Link to Source:
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
iodine malabsorpiton/protein deficiency

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Body composition changes as people get older. One of the noteworthy alterations is the reduction in total body protein…This contributes to impaired wound healing, loss of skin elasticity, and an inability to fight infection.…Protein tissue accounts for 30% of whole-body protein turnover but that rate declines to 20% or less by age 70.…inadequate protein intake contributes to a decrease in reserve capacity, increased skin fragility, decreased immune function, poorer healing, and longer recuperation from illness…

Link to Source:
Journal of the American College of Nutrition
Protein and Older Adults

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Protein deficiency results in an increased susceptibility to dental caries, suggesting that oral host-defense properties are compromised.

Link to Source:
Journal of Dental Research
Effects of protein deficiency and diet consistency on the parotid gland and parotid saliva of rats

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In healthy adult humans, eight amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) were shown classically by nitrogen balance studies to be indispensable. Subsequent studies classifying histidine as indispensable are reviewed in this article. We also review the evidence that in certain nutritional or disease states or in certain stages of development otherwise dispensable amino acids may become indispensable. Arginine, cysteine, and tyrosine thus may be considered as acquired indispensable amino acids. Evidence for the indispensability of taurine is also considered. We propose a classification of the indispensability of amino acids based on clinical and therapeutic considerations.

Link to Source:
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Newer concepts of the indispensable amino acids. (Website temporarily unavailable.)

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Limiting any essential amino acid initiates this signaling cascade, which leads to increased translation of a “master regulator,” activating transcription factor (ATF) 4, and ultimately, to regulation of many steps along the pathway of DNA to RNA to protein…

Link to Source:
Annual Review of Nutrition
NUTRITIONAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION: How Mammalian Cells Respond to Amino Acid Limitation*

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…continued IAA depletion is incompatible with maintenance of protein synthesis and survival…

Link to Source:
Annual Review of Nutrition
Mechanisms of Food Intake Repression in Indispensable Amino Acid Deficiency

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Decreased rates of protein synthesis which occurred in rat livers perfused with amino acid-deficient medium were accompanied by a loss of polysomesand a doubling of concentrations of ribosomal subunits and monomers as compared to unperfused liver or livers perfused with amino acid-supplemented medium.

Link to Source:
The Journal of Biochemistry
The role of amino acids in the regulation of protein synthesis in perfused rat liver. II. Effects of amino acid deficiency on peptide chain initiation, polysomal aggregation, and distribution of albumin mRNA…

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A continuous supply of a complete complement of essential amino acids is a prerequisite for maintenance of optimal rates of protein synthesis in both liver and skeletal muscle. Deprivation of even a single essential amino acid causes a decrease in the synthesis of essentially all cellular proteins through an inhibition of the initiation phase of mRNA translation… Thus, deprivation of essential amino acids not only directly and rapidly represses global mRNA translation, but also potentially results in a reduction in the capacity to synthesize protein.

Link to Source:
The Journal of Nutrition
Regulation of Global and Specific mRNA Translation by Amino Acids

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BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) are indispensable (essential) amino acids that are required for body protein synthesis. Indispensable amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be acquired from the diet…Twenty amino acids are required for protein synthesis. In man and mammals, nine amino acids cannot be synthesized endogenously and/or in sufficient amounts. These amino acids, including the BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) leucine, isoleucine and valine, must be acquired in the diet and are classified as nutritionally indispensable (essential) amino acids. If a single indispensable amino acid is limiting, protein synthesis is inhibited. The need of the organism for each indispensable amino acid for protein synthesis and for non-protein functions defines the individual daily indispensable amino acid requirement…

Link to Source:
The Biochemical Society, London
The case for regulating indispensable amino acid metabolism: the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase-knockout mouse

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…The results suggested that, when rats were fed a protein-free diet, methionine is the first limiting amino acid for liver protein synthesis.… These results indicated that, under meal-feeding condition which may be considered more a physiological condition than force-feeding, the deficiency of single essential amino acid generally causes the disaggregation of hepatic polysomes leading the decreased synthesis of hepatic proteins.…

Link to Source:
The Journal of Nutrition
Effects of Supplementation and Depletion of a Single Essential Amino Acid on Hepatic Polyribosome Profile in Rats

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Thus, deprivation of essential amino acids not only directly and rapidly represses global mRNA translation, but also potentially results in a reduction in the capacity to synthesize protein.

Link to Source:
The Journal of Nutrition
Regulation of Global and Specific mRNA Translation by Amino Acids

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Decreased rates of protein synthesis which occurred in rat livers perfused with amino acid-deficient medium were accompanied by a loss of polysomes and a doubling of concentrations of ribosomal subunits and monomers as compared to unperfused liver or livers perfused with amino acid-supplemented medium.

Link to Source:
The Journal of Biological Chemistry
The role of amino acids in the regulation of protein synthesis in perfused rat liver. I. Reduction in rates of synthesis resulting from amino acid deprivation and recovery during flow-through perfusion

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…the proportion of rp mRNAs residing in polysomes was two- to fivefold less in rats fed diets lacking tryptophan, leucine, or BCAA compared with rats fed the control diet.…

Link to Source:
National Center for Biotechnology Information
Deficiency of dietary EAA preferentially inhibits mRNA translation of ribosomal proteins in liver of meal-fed rats.

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Deficiency or imbalance of essential amino acids in the diet may produce profound depression of immune responses and apparent, marked changes in the immune resistance of the host animal to tumors.…

Link to Source:
Journal of Experimental Medicine
QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID DEFICIENCY UPON IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TUMORS IN MICE

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Metabolic adaptation is required to cope with episodes of protein deprivation and malnutrition.

Link to Source:
Cell Metabolism
The GCN2 eIF2α Kinase Regulates Fatty-Acid Homeostasis in the Liver during Deprivation of an Essential Amino Acid

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…Deprivation of total amino acids or single, essential amino acids resulted in a rapid decrease in the rate of protein synthesis, which was readily reversed by re-addition of the deficient amino acid(s).…

Link to Source:
American Journal of Cell Physiology
Effect of amino acid deprivation on initiation of protein synthesis in rat hepatocytes

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It is known that plasma lipid levels are controlled not only by dietary fat and carbohydrate but also by dietary protein and amino acids. Although it used to be thought that the source of protein was important, it is known that amino acid composition, amino acids themselves, and peptides from digested protein are more important than the protein source…

Link to Source:
The Journal of Nutrition
Functions of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in Lipid Metabolism

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